Bevels and chamfers

A bevel (or chamfer) replaces a sharp edge with a narrow strip of faces. A chamfer is usually a single flat cut; a bevel can have several segments that make a rounded profile. On game assets, bevels exist mainly to catch light: "Perfectly sharp computer-generated edges often look unnatural", and small edge radii catch highlights and define form (GarageFarm blog: Hard Surface Modeling in Blender).

#How real edges catch light

No manufactured edge is truly sharp. Machining, casting, paint and wear all round it slightly. That tiny rounded strip faces in directions neither neighbouring face does, so at some angle it reflects light toward you. You see it as a thin bright line outlining the form.

A mathematically sharp edge in a 3D model has no width, so it never reflects anything on its own. The two faces just meet. You get a hard, often aliased, line where the shading jumps.

#Bevel width and object scale

Width is the most important bevel setting. Too small, and the bevel vanishes at game distances or in a bake. Too large, and a steel crate looks like soft plastic.

• Judge in context. Judge bevels "in relation to the object's real or intended scale and under lighting similar to the final presentation" (GarageFarm blog: Hard Surface Modeling in Blender).
• Wider for bakes. High-poly bevels that look right in your modeling viewport are often too thin to survive a bake. On one Polycount thread about edge artefacts, the advice was to make bevels "over double the current size/strength" (Polycount forum: Advice for solving various normal map/edge…).
• Consistent across similar parts. FrankPolygon names inconsistent edge width as the biggest drawback of manual edge modeling, and uses modifiers to keep it even (Polycount forum: Sketchbook: Frank Polygon).

#Segments and profile

Segments set "the number of edge loops added along the bevel's face" (Blender Manual: Bevel Modifier). One segment gives a flat chamfer. Two or three give a rounded look that shades much better with weighted (custom) normals. More segments cost triangles on every edge.

Profile sets "the shape of the bevel, from concave to convex", and has no effect with fewer than two segments (Blender Manual: Bevel Modifier). Blender also offers a custom profile curve for mouldings and trim (Blender Manual: Bevel Modifier).

#Harden normals and limit methods

A low-segment bevel with plain smooth shading makes the big faces next to it shade unevenly. Blender's Bevel modifier has a Harden Normals option: "the per-vertex face normals of the bevel faces are adjusted to match the surrounding faces", so big faces stay flat while the bevel blends (Blender Manual: Bevel Modifier). In the 2.83 manual this requires Auto Smooth (Blender Manual: Bevel Modifier). The more flexible option is the Weighted Normal modifier, explained in weighted (custom) normals.

Limit Method decides which edges are bevelled. Angle bevels only edges whose faces meet more sharply than a threshold. Weight uses a per-edge bevel weight, where 0 means no bevel (Blender Manual: Bevel Modifier). Angle is fast for blockouts; Weight gives you control on final assets.

#Bevel modifier vs. manual bevels

Use the modifier for most of the work. Apply and fix by hand only where corners or boolean cuts misbehave.

#Bevel shaders

For a high poly that only exists to be baked, you can skip modeling bevels. A bevel shader rounds edges at render time by bending shading normals near edges; the mesh itself does not change.

• Blender Bevel node. "The Bevel shader node can be used for rendering rounded corners." It is Cycles-only and "a very expensive shader", so it suits baking rather than real-time use (Blender Manual: Bevel Node). The manual notes the Bevel modifier "is a faster option when it works, but sometimes fails on complex or messy geometry" (Blender Manual: Bevel Node).
• Marmoset Toolbag Bevel shader. Marmoset describes it as "a ray-traced lighting effect that mimics rounded edges". Width is set in millimetres, so scene units must be correct. It needs Ray Tracing or Hybrid mode, and its result can be baked into normal, AO and curvature maps (Marmoset: Revolutionize Your 3D Workflow with Toolbag's…; Marmoset Toolbag documentation: Bevel).

Limits: the silhouette stays sharp, so large rounded forms still belong in the mesh (Marmoset: Revolutionize Your 3D Workflow with Toolbag's…). Toolbag cannot bake directly from a low poly, so you still need a high and low pair, and it offers no choice of bevel profile (Marmoset: Revolutionize Your 3D Workflow with Toolbag's…). Bevels wider than the polygons cause faceting artefacts (Marmoset: Revolutionize Your 3D Workflow with Toolbag's…).

#How to make one

These steps bevel a game prop in Blender with the Bevel modifier, for a mid-poly mesh or a high poly to bake. The example is a 50 cm metal toolbox textured at about 1024 px per metre.

1. Check the scale. Apply scale so the object is 0.5 m in real units; bevel width is measured in scene units, so a wrong scale gives the wrong width. See units, scale and axes.
2. Add a Bevel modifier. Set Width in metres: 0.004 (4 mm) is about 4 px at this texel density, which stays visible a few metres away (see the worked numbers above). For a high poly that will be baked, go wider; bake advice on Polycount is to make bevels "over double" what looks right in the viewport (Polycount forum: Advice for solving various normal map/edge…).
3. Choose which edges bevel. Use the Angle limit method (for example 30 degrees) for a fast pass, or Weight to control edges one by one with bevel weights (Blender Manual: Bevel Modifier).
4. Set segments and profile. Use 1 segment for a flat chamfer on far-away edges, 2–3 for edges seen up close. Profile 0.5 gives a round bevel; a custom profile gives mouldings (Blender Manual: Bevel Modifier).
5. Fix the shading. Enable Harden Normals on the modifier, or add a Weighted Normal modifier below it (Blender Manual: Bevel Modifier). Rotate a light and check that the large faces show no gradient. See weighted (custom) normals.
6. Check width consistency. Similar parts should have the same width; modifiers make that automatic (Polycount forum: Sketchbook: Frank Polygon). Where a corner or boolean cut misbehaves, apply the modifier and fix that spot by hand.
7. Check in context. Look at the asset in the engine at game distance and under the game's lighting, as GarageFarm advises (GarageFarm blog: Hard Surface Modeling in Blender). Adjust the width once, on the modifier, and re-export.

In 3ds Max, use the Chamfer modifier or Edit Poly chamfer with its smoothing options (Arkance Community: What's New in 3ds Max 2022? – New and…); in Plasticity, Fillet Shell with a negative distance gives a chamfer (Plasticity documentation: Fillet Shell).

#Video tutorials

#Use in recent games

• The Last of Us Part I: baked bevels instead of modeled ones. Naughty Dog's Matthew Trevelyan Johns built a trim pipeline in which models used hard edges and 90-degree angles, and the bevel came from the trim's normal map. Measured high-poly panels were mapped at 512 px per metre, and he estimates about 80% of his Lab assets used these baked-bevel trims instead of unique bakes (ArtStation: The Last of Us: Part I...Trim Pipeline).
• Star Citizen: chamfers in the game mesh. In the Gladiator thread, another poster noted that most ships "use chamfers and edge loops to get nice edges", and the developer described edge loops, custom vertex normals and tiling textures instead of unique bakes (Polycount forum: Star Citizen...The Gladiator...ART DUMP). The game is still in development.
• Halo 4: weighted normals instead of baked normal maps. On the Vortex map, Andrew Morris's caption says most surfaces use hand-weighted normals and trim sheets rather than baked normal maps (ArtStation: Halo 4). Weighted normals only work on edges that exist in the mesh, which is why this approach pairs with modeled bevels. See weighted (custom) normals.

#In different tools

• Blender: Bevel modifier (width, segments, profile, Harden Normals, limit methods) (Blender Manual: Bevel Modifier); Bevel shader node in Cycles (Blender Manual: Bevel Node); MESHmachine for editing existing chamfers (machin3.io: MESHmachine documentation).
• 3ds Max: 3ds Max 2022 improved Edit Poly chamfers, with easier uniform, radial and path chamfers and smoothing support so new geometry blends in (Arkance Community: What's New in 3ds Max 2022? – New and…).
• Plasticity: Fillet Shell uses a positive distance for a fillet and a negative distance for a chamfer, with variable distance, conic and G2 options (Plasticity documentation: Fillet Shell).
• Marmoset Toolbag: Bevel shader in the Surface module, bakeable (Marmoset Toolbag documentation: Bevel).

#Further reading and watching